II Brazilian consensus statement on endoscopic ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: At the time of its introduction in the early 80s, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was indicated for diagnostic purposes. Recently, EUS has been employed to assist or to be the main platform of complex therapeutic interventions. METHODS: From a series of relevant new topics in the literature and based on the need to complement the I Brazilian consensus on EUS, twenty experienced endosonographers identified and reviewed the pertinent literature in databases. The quality of evidence, strength of recommendations, and level of consensus were graded and voted on. RESULTS: Consensus was reached for eight relevant topics: treatment of gastric varices, staging of nonsmall cell lung cancer, biliary drainage, tissue sampling of subepithelial lesions (SELs), treatment of pancreatic fluid collections, tissue sampling of pancreatic solid lesions, celiac neurolysis, and evaluation of the incidental pancreatic cysts. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high level of evidence for staging of nonsmall cell lung cancer; biopsy of SELs as the safest method; unilateral and bilateral injection techniques are equivalent for EUS-guided celiac neurolysis, and in patients with visible ganglia, celiac ganglia neurolysis appears to lead to better results. There is a moderate level of evidence for: yield of tissue sampling of pancreatic solid lesions is not influenced by the needle shape, gauge, or employed aspiration technique; EUS-guided and percutaneous biliary drainage present similar clinical success and adverse event rates; plastic and metallic stents are equivalent in the EUS-guided treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst. There is a low level of evidence in the routine use of EUS-guided treatment of gastric varices.

Ex vivo and simulator models teaching therapeutic ERCP and EUS: description of SOBED's first course.

Teaching models in endoscopy are important tools to minimize risks derived from endoscopic procedures, taking into account that therapeutic endoscopy, also known as surgical endoscopy, has greatly developed during the last decade. This results from the fact that minimally invasive procedures present relevant contributions and promote more comfort to patients. In this context, ex vivo teaching models and virtual simulators are important tools to the safe acquisition of abilities. In this article, the Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy presents and describes its first course of therapeutic ERCP and EUS in models of laboratory teaching.

Detection of Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones in Brazil: A national survey.

AIM: To evaluate bacterial resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones in Brazil using molecular methods. METHODS: The primary antibiotic resistance rates of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) were determined from November 2012 to March 2015 in the Southern, South-Eastern, Northern, North-Eastern, and Central-Western regions of Brazil. Four hundred ninety H. pylori patients [66% female, mean age 43 years (range: 18-79)] who had never been previously treated for this infection were enrolled. All patients underwent gastroscopy with antrum and corpus biopsies and molecular testing using GenoType HelicoDR (Hain Life Science, Germany). This test was performed to detect the presence of H. pylori and to identify point mutations in the genes responsible for clarithromycin and fluoroquinolone resistance. The molecular procedure was divided into three steps: DNA extraction from the biopsies, multiplex amplification, and reverse hybridization. RESULTS: Clarithromycin resistance was found in 83 (16.9%) patients, and fluoroquinolone resistance was found in 66 (13.5%) patients. There was no statistical difference in resistance to either clarithromycin or fluoroquinolones (P = 0.55 and P = 0.06, respectively) among the different regions of Brazil. Dual resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones was found in 4.3% (21/490) of patients. The A2147G mutation was present in 90.4% (75/83), A2146G in 16.9% (14/83) and A2146C in 3.6% (3/83) of clarithromycin-resistant patients. In 10.8% (9/83) of clarithromycin-resistant samples, more than 01 mutation in the 23S rRNA gene was noticed. In fluoroquinolone-resistant samples, 37.9% (25/66) showed mutations not specified by the GenoType HelicoDR test. D91N mutation was observed in 34.8% (23/66), D91G in 18.1% (12/66), N87K in 16.6% (11/66) and D91Y in 13.6% (9/66) of cases. Among fluoroquinolone-resistant samples, 37.9% (25/66) showed mutations not specified by the GenoType HelicoDR test. CONCLUSION: The H. pylori clarithromycin resistance rate in Brazil is at the borderline (15%-20%) for applying the standard triple therapy. The fluoroquinolone resistance rate (13.5%) is equally concerning.

Elastomeric enriched biodegradable polyurethane sponges for critical bone defects: a successful case study reducing donor site morbidity.

Bone substitutes have been a critical issue as the natural source can seldom provide enough bone to support full healing. No bone substitute complies with all necessary functions and characteristics that an autograft does. Polyurethane sponges have been used as a surgical alternative to cancellous bone grafts for critical bone defect donor sites. Critical bone defects were created on the tibial tuberosity and iliac crest using an ovine model. In group I (control-untreated), no bone regeneration was observed in any animal. In group II (defects left empty but covered with a microporous polymeric membrane), the new bone bridged the top ends in all animals. In groups III and IV, bone defects were implanted with polyurethane scaffolds modified with biologically active compounds, and bone regeneration was more efficient than in group II. In groups III and IV there were higher values of bone regeneration specific parameters used for evaluation (P < 0.05) although the comparison between these groups was not possible. The results obtained in this study suggest that biodegradable polyurethane substitutes modified with biologically active substances may offer an alternative to bone graft, reducing donor site morbidity associated with autogenous cancellous bone harvesting.

Hemorragia digestiva alta varicosa: relatório do 1º consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia / Varicel bleeding: consensus meeting report from the brazilian society of hepatology

Nas últimas duas décadas, foi observada redução importante na mortalidade associada ao primeiro sangramento varicoso, que vem sendo atribuída à melhoria na assistência ao paciente cirrótico e à abordagem multidisciplinar do paciente com hemorragia digestiva alta varicosa (HDAV), particularmente por emergencistas, hepatologistas, gastroenterologistas, endoscopistas e intensivistas. Visando estabelecer recomendações para o manejo da HDAV, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH) realizou reunião de consenso para elaboração de documento a ser utilizado como orientação de conduta médica. Dentro da sistemática utilizada, foi criada pela SBH uma comissão organizadora composta por quatro membros que escolheram 27 pesquisadores, representando as diversas regiões do país, para serem moderadores ou expositores dos tópicos relacionados à prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento da HDAV. Todos os tópicos foram abordados de acordo com o grau de evidência científica disponível. As recomendações foram elaboradas em reunião após ampla discussão com os membros da comissão organizadora, expositores, moderadores e participantes da reunião do consenso, ficando a cargo da comissão organizadora a redação do documento final. A reunião do consenso ocorreu em Salvador em 06 de maio de 2009 e esta publicação exibe as principais conclusões do consenso organizadas sob a forma de resumo da literatura médica seguido pelas recomendações da SBH.

In the last decades, several improvements in the management of variceal bleeding have resulted in a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality of cirrhotis with bleeding varices. Progress in the multidisciplinary approach to the patient with variceal blleding has led to a better management of this disease by critical care physicians, hepatologists, gastroenterologists, endoscopists, radiologists and surgeons. In this respect, the Brazilian Society of Hepatology has, recently, sponsored a consensus meeting in order to draw evidence-based recommendations on the management of these difficult-totreat subjects. An organizing committee comprised of four people was elected by the Governing Board and was responsible to invite 27 researchers from distinct regions of the country to make a systematic review of the subject and to present topics related to variceal bleeding, including prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment, accoding to evidence-based medicine. After the meeting, all participants were held together for discussion of the topics and the elaboration of the aforementioned recommendations. The organizing committee was responsible for writing the final document. The meeting was held at Salvador, May 6th, 2009 and the present manucrispt is the summary of the systematic review that was presented during the meeting organized in topics followed by the reccomendations of the Brazilian Society of Hepatology.

Massive Trichuris trichiura infection as a cause of chronic bloody diarrhea in a child.

The differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea is extensive and requires the investigation of several diseases, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. A few patients infected by Trichuris trichiura may present a chronic dysentery-like syndrome in the context of a massive infestation of the colon leading to anemia and growth retardation, but the rarity of that finding demands a high level of suspicion. Herein we report the case of an 8-year-old boy from the rural zone who had suffered diarrhea without blood or mucus for 4 years and was taken to our Service because his mother had noticed the presence of blood on the feces on the 3 previous months. The diagnosis of a massive Trichuris trichiura infestation as the cause of the process was only reached by colonoscopy. We stress that Trichuris trichiura infection can mimic other forms of inflammatory bowel disease and lead to physical growth retardation and that prolonged regimens of albendazole may be required to the effective treatment of massive infestations.

Comparação do diagnóstico endoscópico com o histopatológico em crianças portadoras de esofagite / Endoscopic diagnosis versus histologic diagnosis in children with esophagitis

O refluxo gastroesofágico representa o fluxo retrógrado do conteúdo gástrico para o esôfago. A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico é a condição na qual estão presentes sintomas e/ou complicações digestivas, dentre elas a esofagite. O diagnóstico da esofagite é realizado através da endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e do exame histopatológico da mucosa esofágica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os achados endoscópicos e histopatológicos da região esofágica em crianças portadoras de esofagite. Foram revisados resultados de EDA e de biópsias de 125 crianças com idade entre 0 a 18 anos com esofagite, no período de 1997 a 2001. Destes pacientes, 69 (52,20 por cento) eram do sexo feminino. Nos resultados endoscópicos, 104 (83,20 por cento) pacientes tiveram o diagnóstico de esofagite edematosa; na histologia, 48 (33,40 por cento) das crianças apresentaram esofagite crônica, enquanto na de 29 (23,20 por cento) não ocorreram alterações. Quando correlacionados à histopatologia, os resultados da EDA não são fidedignos a ponto de justificar-se o uso isolado desta. É fundamental a realização da biópsia para esclarecimento diagnóstico desta patologia e para acompanhamento dos pacientes. Há ainda a necessidade de múltiplas biópsias para análise adequada do processo e para identificação precoce do esôfago de Barrett.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in blood donors in Salvador, Northeast-Brazil.

Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the etiology of peptic ulcer disease. Its prevalence appears to be higher in developing countries. We evaluated the seroprevalence of H. pylori and risk factors associated with infection in voluntary blood donors who attended the main blood center of the city of Salvador, Brazil. The subjects responded to an epidemiological questionnaire, with information about sex, age, race, lifestyle, social-economic level indicators, and residence and hygiene conditions. Anti-H. pylori antibody was determined by ELISA (Cobas Core, Roche). Three hundred and seven subjects were included in the study. Anti-H. pylori antibody results were indeterminate in 33 individuals (10.8%), who were excluded from analysis. Among the remaining 274 subjects, 187 (68.2%) were anti-H. pylori positive. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis three variables were found to be significantly associated with a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection: absence of plumbing in the residence during childhood, a history of rainwater invading the dwelling during childhood, and low ingestion of milk.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in blood donors in Salvador, Northeast-Brazil

Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the etiology of peptic ulcer disease. Its prevalence appears to be higher in developing countries. We evaluated the seroprevalence of H. pylori and risk factors associated with infection in voluntary blood donors who attended the main blood center of the city of Salvador, Brazil. The subjects responded to an epidemiological questionnaire, with information about sex, age, race, lifestyle, social-economic level indicators, and residence and hygiene conditions. Anti-H. pylori antibody was determined by ELISA (Cobas Core, Roche). Three hundred and seven subjects were included in the study. Anti-H. pylori antibody results were indeterminate in 33 individuals (10.8 percent), who were excluded from analysis. Among the remaining 274 subjects, 187 (68.2 percent) were anti-H. pylori positive. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis three variables were found to be significantly associated with a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection: absence of plumbing in the residence during childhood, a history of rainwater invading the dwelling during childhood, and low ingestion of milk.

Esclerose endoscópica de varizes esofágicas e repercussöes pulmonares / Esophageal varices sclerotheraphy and pulmonary side effects

Alteraçöes respiratórias já foram descritas após escleroterapia endoscópica de varizes esofágicas. O oleato de etanolamina, agente esclerosante gorduroso, atingindo a circulaçäo sistêmica, possibilita o desenvolvimento de lesäo de vasos pulmonares nos pacientes submetidos a escleroterapia. Foram estudados 17 pacientes (grupo I) com hipertensäo portal e varizes esofágicas, sendo 13 com diagnóstico compatível com esquistossomose e quatro com doença crónica parenquimatosa do fígado. O grupo controle constou de dez pacientes (grupo II) com hipertensäo portal e varizes esofágicas, sendo oito com diagnóstico compatível com esquistossomose e dois com doença crónica parenquimatosa do fígado. O grupo I submeteu-se a escleroterapia com oleato de etanolamina pela técnica intravasal, enquanto no grupo controle (grupo II) foi feito procedimento endoscópico idêntico, sem o tratamento escleroterápico. Os dois grupos (I e II) foram submetidos, previamente e durante o estudo, a radiografia de tórax, espirometria, gasometria arterial e cintilografia pulmonar de inalaçäo e perfusäo. No grupo I, a média da pressäo parcial de oxigênio no sangue arterial (pO2) antes da escleroterapia foi de 81,8mmHg, reduzindo-se para 78,9mmHg duas horas após e tornando-se significativamente baixa quatro e oito horas após, 73,8mmHg (p < 0,05) e 70,1mmHg (p < 0,05), respectivamente. Com 24 horas, a pO2 estava em 77,03mmHg. Neste grupo, um paciente desenvolveu embolia pulmonar. Nos pacientes do grupo controle, a pO2 antes da endoscopia foi de 82,7mmHg, reduzindo-se para 68,9mmHg duas horas após (p < 0,05), para 67,6mmHg quatro horas após (p < 0,05), para 71,8mmHg oito horas após (p < 0,05) e para 75,2mmHg 24 horas após. Nossos resultados sugerem que o procedimento da endoscopia digestiva alta sob sedaçäo produz hipoxemia arterial e que talvez a escleroterapia com oleato de etanolamina pela técnica intravasal pode causar embolia pulmonar.

Natureza e importância de reaçöes adversas à drogas num hospital geral em nosso ambiente / Nature and importance of adverse effects of drugs in a general hospital

Com o objetivo de se estudar a freqüência, natureza e importância de reaçöes adversas a drogas, foram avaliados, prospectivamente, todos os pacientes internados nas enfermarias de clínica médica do Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos. Nos primeiros 6 meses, 18,8% dos pacientes admitidos nas enfermarias em estudo, desenvolvem reaçöes adversas a drogas; estas foram, freqüentemente, classificadas como leves e moderadas, porém também foram observadas reaçöes graves e fatais. As drogas que mais frequentemente causaram reaçöes foram os anti-bacterianos, anti-parasitários e anti-inflamatórios. No segundo período do estudo, quando avaliados sistematicamente, 35,6% dos pacientes que usaram os medicamentos selecionados no primeiro período, desenvolveram reaçöes adversas; nesse período houve um número considerável de reaçöes sub-clínicas. Concluímos que em nosso ambiente hospitalar, estudando apenas as enfermarias de clínica médica, a prevalência de reaçöes adversas a drogas näo foi, significantemente, diferente do relatado na literatura para hospitais como um todo. As drogas que mais frequentemente causam reaçöes adversas säo, também, aquelas relatadas porém, em nosso ambiente, somam-se a estas, com importância e prevalência, as drogas anti-parasitárias